Robert Miles wrote in his essay about racism, that the ideology of racism, nationalism and sexisms characteristic overlap (Miles 1989, p. 87). He called this ideological articulation. To the extent this reflection brief, I will confine myself to an analyses of the connections between the ideologies of racism and sexism.
Miles argues that both ideologies (racism and sexism) are based on the assumption that biologically congenital and immutable characteristics split the human species (Miles, p. 87).
This effect will result in inclusion or exclusion (Miles 1989, p. 87). Although race and gender, according to Miles, are a social construct (Miles, p. 87), these ideologies have consequences for our society because these are innate traits to specific properties assigned. For example, that women do not work in management, because they have no leadership skills and people with different skin color are not as intelligent like “white” people. The result is a significant inequality between women and men (sexism) and in "blacks" and "whites" (racism) in differential participation and political relations. Helma Lutz supports thesis Robert Miles thesis in her essay “Racism and sexism, differences and similarities” in the book ‘Ein Herrenvolk von Untertanen`. “Sex is (like class or race) is a social placers, that shows men and women their place in society, their status, functions and life chances accepted.” (Lutz 2006, n.p.) Sexism means that a person is identified as a woman (gender), the basis for the legitimacy of their oppression. Racism means the skin color or other physiological characteristics or the ethnicity of the elements that legitimize the racist exclusion and oppression of people. Both ideologies are about oppression as an expression of asymmetrical social power relationships. In both cases they are social constructions, in which people are defined on the basis of their body and because of them ascribed natural properties. (Lutz 2011, n.p.) As both authors have already argued, there are similarities between the two ideologies. Justifies by the fact that women and other ethnic groups are discriminated against of their body, sexuality and biological and immutable characteristics. Both are based on a social construct, which has a long history. In Germany, it can be seen that women have fewer resources available over economics (traditional gender roles, less pay for equal work, few women in Management).
The Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) (a German union organization) published in 2008 that women earn on average 22% less than men. (Scheuplein 2008, n.p.) The proportion of women in leadership positions in the private economy in recent years are 27 percent. This is not the percentage of highly qualified women. (BMfSFJ 2011, n.p.) In addition, women have fewer opportunities for political participation. (MASF 2011, n.p. "The measure of a true democracy depends on the degree of actual Participation of women." Quote from Ines Eichmueller (Member of Federal Women's Council of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen- a German party). Inequalities between immigrants and Germans are evident in the areas of education and work.. The comparison of German and migrant children education degrees show a distinct educational disadvantage. (University of Bremen 2007, p. 5-8). In 1999, began only about every 5th Migrant vocational training. (Damelang / Haas (2006). p. 13) I can see in Germany that Migrants works often in jobs with low social prestige. Many of them have completed a course of study in their home country, which they do not get accept in Germany. I agree with Miles that can both of these ideologies are only changed when we change our policies. But, that alone will not suffice to get traditional or historically grown role models and stereotypes of our heads.
Bundesministerium fuer Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMfSFJ) (2011). “Frauen in
Reference
Bundesministerium fuer Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMfSFJ) (2011). “Frauen in
Fuehrungspositionen”, Berlin. Retrieved from
Damelang, Andreas/ Haas, Anette (2006). “Arbeitsmarkteinstieg nach dualer
Berufsausbildung – Migranten und Deutsche im Vergleich”, Institut für
Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit,
Nürnberg. Retrieved from
Lutz, Helma (2006). "Ein Herrenvolk von Untertanen": Rassismus - Nationalismus – Sexismus,
Duisburg. Retrievied from
Miles, Robert (1989). “Racism” (pp.69-98), London & New York: Routledge.
Ministerium fuer Arbeit, Soziales,Frauen und Familie (2011). “Teilhabe von Frauen in Politik und
Gesellschaft“, Brandenburg. Retrieves from
http://www.masf.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/bb1.c.191488.de
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